Take me to... Introduction to Induction What medical research says about induction Further research Cited Sources Read this important article if you are thinking about or scheduled to be induced with Misoprostol/Cytotec Home
HAZARDS AND PROBLEMS OF INDUCTION AGENTS If your doctor is talking to you about induction, please read this explanation of what the risks are of the medications used to induce labor: A CIMS Fact Sheet Cytotec (Misoprostol) Cytotec, although widely used as an induction agent, is neither formulated nor intended for use in labor. Cytotec’s manufacturer, Searle, has repudiated its off-label use as an induction/cervical ripening agent because of Cytotec’s attendant risks.27 The FDA states that Cytotec’s major adverse effects include uterine hyper stimulation, which can become severe and result in profound fetal distress; uterine rupture; amniotic fluid embolism, which has a high maternal and infant mortality rate; severe genital bleeding; shock; fetal death; and maternal death.6 Other adverse effects include retained placenta, cesarean section, and passage of meconium (the baby’s first stool) into the amniotic fluid, which can cause a type of newborn pneumonia if inhaled.6 Cytotec is commonly believed to pose a life-threatening risk only in women with a uterine scar or with high doses. However, cases of maternal and infant death and hemorrhage requiring hysterectomy have been reported in women with no uterine scar, some of whom were given a minimal dose.13,28,30 Cytotec dosage cannot be controlled because the drug is a small pill that must be cut in pieces. Once given, the drug cannot be rescinded or the dosage reduced in case of adverse effects. Cytotec does not decrease cesarean rates compared with prostaglandin E2, which is FDA-approved for use in labor.16 Cytotec’s only advantages compared with prostaglandin E2 are much reduced cost and faster labors.16 Both benefit only hospitals and doctors as short labors are usually intense, tumultuous, and difficult. Prostaglandin E2 (Prepidil, Cervidil) Prostaglandin E2 can cause uterine hyper stimulation and fetal distress.18 Fetal distress can require cesarean section. Prostaglandin E2 does not reduce excess cesareans associated with labor induction.18 Unless the drug is formulated in a tampon (Cervidil), the drug cannot be rescinded or the dosage reduced in case of adverse effects. Oxytocin (Pitocin) Complications of oxytocin (Pitocin) include uterine hyper stimulation,25 which can lead to fetal distress twice the chance of the baby being born in poor condition;15 postpartum hemorrhage;25 greater probability of newborn jaundice.25 Rare, severe, maternal complications include uterine rupture and water intoxication leading to coma and death Oxytocin may also cause brain damage or death in the baby.25 MEDICAL RESEARCH FAILS TO SUPPORT  FOR COMMON INDUCTION RATIONALES Elective induction of labor, that is, induction for non-medical reasons such as convenience, exposes babies and mothers to the hazards of induction with no counterbalancing benefit. These following are all considered Elective Inductions: Inducing labor for suspected big baby produces no benefits but increases the likelihood of cesarean section.12,29 No credible evidence supports inducing labor in women with gestational as opposed to pre-existing diabetes Routinely inducing labor for pre-labor rupture of membranes does not reduce the incidence of newborn infection with the exception of women testing positive for Group B strep who do not receive IV antibiotics during labor.14 Inducing labor in women with Group B strep has not been shown to improve outcomes when antibiotics are given regardless of membrane status and is not part of the Centers for Disease Control recommended guidelines.4 Studies claiming to support routine induction of labor at 41 weeks of pregnancy have serious flaws.23 No research supports routine induction at any earlier point in pregnancy; no sound research supports routine induction at any point in pregnancy. Proponents of inducing labor at full-term argue that the stillbirth rate and the rates of other newborn complications increase markedly after that date, but, in fact, these rates show no such increase.1,23 Induction at 41 weeks in a hypothetical population of 100,000 first-time mothers would theoretically prevent 120 fetal deaths that would statistically occur in the ensuing week, but:17 We don’t know how many of those deaths would actually be prevented by routine induction in that they were unpredictable events in healthy mothers carrying healthy, normally formed babies. That number would be offset by some babies dying as a result of the hazards of induction. Any decrease in fetal deaths would be outweighed by the infertility, miscarriage, and fetal and newborn losses consequent to the excess cesareans. (See The Risks of Cesarean Delivery for Mother and Baby, a CIMS fact sheet.) Forty-one weeks is the median length of pregnancy in healthy first-time mothers.24 This means that one- half of such pregnancies will last longer than 41 weeks. If there is no reason to curtail the natural length of pregnancy, then there is no reason for measures such as stripping or sweeping membranes, which themselves introduce the possibility of risk.